Archive Issue
International Interdisciplinary Scientific Journal "Expert"
Volume 2, Issue 1 (2025)
Language of the original article: English
ABSTRACT. The purpose of this study was to compare the function of community associations in building communities in the Mezam division of Cameroon in urban and rural settings. The study employed three distinct goals, which are as follows: (1) to investigate the actions done by rural and urban community associations in establishing communities (2) to determine how the public views the functions of rural and urban community groups in developing communities, and (3) to determine the difficulties that these associations encounter in these areas. Formal questionnaires and interview guides were used to gather primary data and support from secondary sources. A simple random selection process was used to pick 571 individuals in total. The objectives were examined using descriptive statistics. According to the study, community associations in urban and rural areas participated in several projects, such as building bridges ( 68.5% in the urban and 61.4% in the rural), town halls ( 51.4% in the urban and 45.3% in the rural), culverts ( 42.0% in the urban and 47.4% in the rural); supplying roads( 57.7% in the urban and 41.8% in the rural), electricity ( 33.9% in the urban and 32.6% in the rural), piped water ( 47.9% in the urban and 43.2% in the rural); creating market squares (35.3% in the urban and 61.1% in the rural); setting up school facilities ( 50% in the urban and 59.6% in the rural); clearing farmland (43.5% in the rural); and growing and harvesting crops (49.1% in the rural).This implies that community associations in the Mezam division have been working enormously towards the development of communities. To achieve better results for the benefit of these communities in the Mezam division and to promote their sustainable development, the government, civil society organizations, and stakeholders should support their joint efforts. These findings underline the vital role community associations play in sustainable development in the Mezam Division. This research contributes to the growing body of literature on community-driven development and suggests pathways for stakeholder engagement and policy interventions.
Keywords: associations, Cameroon, community, development, Mezam Division, role.
2. Ngige, G. K. (2023). Assessment of beneficiaries’ impact of Caritas Self Help Group Project: A case study of Caritas Gicharani Self Help Group, Kikuyu Kiambu County (Doctoral dissertation, University of Nairobi).
3. Njogu, J. W., Karuku, G., Busienei, J., & Gathiaka, J. K. (2024). Assessing determinants of scaling up pathways for adopted CSA Climate Smart Agricultural practices: Evidence from Climate Smart Villages in Nyando Basin, Kenya. Cogent Food & Agriculture, 10(1), 2316362. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311932.2024.2316362
4. Fouakeng, F., Njoumemi, Z., Mbacham, W. F., & III, F. A. (2022). Community-based mutual aid for improving financial access to healthcare: A case study of 150 community-based organizations in Cameroon. International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health, 9(3), 1257. https://doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20220683
5. Hattiban, L. (2019). Three months rural internship (Doctoral dissertation, Kathmandu University).
6. Udeuhele, G. I., & Offor, E. O. (2023). Community-based organizations and rural development in Nigeria. Southeast Journal of Political Science, 9(2). https://journals.npsa-se.org.ng/index.php/SEJPS/article/view/40
7. Cassanelli, L. V. (2016). The shaping of Somali society: Reconstructing the history of a pastoral people, 16–19. University of Pennsylvania Press.
8. Samuel-Mbaekwe, I. J. (2018). Colonialism and social structure. In The colonial epoch in Africa (pp. 33–47). Routledge.
9. Maisule, S. A., Bamidele, J., & Sennuga, S. O. (2023). A critical review of historical analysis of social change in Nigeria from the pre-colonial to the post-colonial period. International Journal of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences, 4(4), 73–83. https://doi.org/10.56734/ijahss.v4n4a8
10. Konings, P., & Nyamnjoh, F. B. (2004). President Paul Biya and the Anglophone problem in Cameroon. In The leadership challenge in Africa: Cameroon under Paul Biya (pp. 191–234).
11. Nkwi, W. G. (2006). The dilemma of civil society in Cameroon since 1990: Which way forward? African Journal of International Affairs, 9(1–2). https://doi.org/10.4314/ajia.v9i1-2.57246
12. Jumbam, J. (2018). Independence or nothing: Theology of self-determination and the British Southern Cameroons. Author House.
13. Bessong, E. F. (2020). Role of undemocratic leadership and governance in fueling intra-state conflicts in Africa: The case study of Cameroon (Doctoral dissertation, University of Nairobi).
14. Le Vine, V. T. (2022). Cameroon, Togo, and the states of formerly French West Africa. In Politics and government in African states (pp. 78–119). Routledge.
15. Belov, V. I. (2022). Foreign policy of the Republic of Cameroon in 1960–2021: Priorities and features.
16. Esone, N. B. (2020). Civil society organizations in Cameroon: Assessing the role of CSOs in development. Retrieved October 18, 2024, from https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1463282/FULLTEXT02
17. Ngoh, V. J. (Ed.). (2004). Cameroon: From federal to unitary state, 1961–1972. Design House.
18.Harkness, K. A. (2020). Cameroon: The military and autocratic stability. In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.1800
19. Tchawe, H. E. (2021). The democratic challenges: The ultimate fight of African civil society. Xlibris Corporation.
20. Ngangum, P. T. (2024). Internet shutdowns in semi-authoritarian regimes: The case of Cameroon. In Communication rights in Africa (pp. 165–182). Routledge.
21. Yenshu, E. (2008). Civil society and the search for development alternatives in Cameroon. African Books Collective.
22. Tamasang, C. F., Effala, C., & Tassah, I. T. (2021, April). Country report for Cameroon. In African soil protection law (pp. 53–176). Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG.
23. Enonchong, L. S. E. (2020). The constitution and governance in Cameroon (1st ed.). Routledge.
24. Djontu, G. A. (2009). Influence of NGOs, World Bank and members of Parliament on the Cameroon forestry law: A contribution to good forest governance (Doctoral dissertation, University of Freiburg).
25. Esone, N. B. (2020). Civil society organizations in Cameroon: Assessing the role of CSOs in development. Retrieved October 18, 2024, from https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1463282/FULLTEXT02
26. Ashu, S. T. N. (2016). The impacts of formal and informal institutions on a forest management project in Cameroon. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:slu:epsilon-s-6151
27. Crawford, G., Kewir, J. K., Annan, N., & Beseng, M. (2021). Shrinking civic space and the role of civil society in resolution of conflict in Anglophone Cameroon.
28. Nsah, E. S. (2021). Non-governmental organizations and poverty reduction in the Northwest and East regions of Cameroon (Doctoral dissertation, University of Cape Town). http://hdl.handle.net/11427/35986
29.Nyanchi, G. T., & Olive, N. N. (2019). Common initiative groups (CIGs) enhancement in agricultural production Oku, Cameroon. International Journal of Sustainable Development Research, 12(1), 71–78. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijsdr.20190503.12
30. Fonchingong, C. (2017). Shoring up local development initiatives: Elderly elite and conscientized empowerment in Cameroon. International Development Planning Review, 39(2), 123–142. https://doi.org/10.3828/idpr.2016.25
31. Mbah, M., & Franz, A. (2021). Revitalization and branding of rural communities in Cameroon using a circular approach for sustainable development—A proposal for the Batibo Municipality. Sustainability, 13(12), 6908. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13126908
32. Mofor, G. Z., Temgoua, N. Y., & Monyuy, F. V. (2022). Grassroots initiative dynamism and its strength for rural development in Nkum, Bui Division, Northwest Region, Cameroon. International Journal of Poverty, Investment and Development, 3(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.47672/ijpid.1081
33. Olawore, O. P. (2013). Using public procurement policy to achieve socio-economic outcomes in Nigeria. In Alleviation, income redistribution & rural development in developing countries (p. 103).
34. Thein, Z. C. W. (2019). A study on the role of community-driven development approach in rural areas (Doctoral dissertation, MERAL Portal).
35. Machozi, D. F. (2018). Community Driven Development Approach (CDDA) and educational infrastructure in Eastern Recovery Project, Irumu Territory Democratic Republic of Congo (Master’s dissertation, Kampala International University). https://ir.kiu.ac.ug/handle/20.500.12306/4369
36. Tantoh, H. B., & McKay, T. J. M. (2021). Assessing community-based water management and governance systems in North-West Cameroon using a cultural theory and systems approach. Journal of Cleaner Production, 290, 125804. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.125804
37. Annan, N., Beseng, M., Crawford, G., & Kewir, J. K. (2021). Civil society, peacebuilding from below and shrinking civic space: The case of Cameroon’s ‘Anglophone’ conflict. Conflict, Security & Development, 21(6), 697–725. https://doi.org/10.1080/14678802.2021.1997454
38. Afangah, A. J. (2021). Conditions for effective economic development planning (EDP) and implementation in Cameroon (Doctoral dissertation, Seoul National University).
39.Ayonghe, A. N. (2022). Knowledge integration in co-management: A study on the people of the Mount Cameroon National Park. https://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-952-337-307-5
40. Tumenta, B. F., Amungwa, F. A., & Nformi, M. I. (2021). Role of agricultural cooperatives in rural development in the era of liberalization in the Northwest and Southwest regions of Cameroon. Journal of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, 13(1), 69–81. https://doi.org/10.5897/JAERD2020.1211
41. Ngansah, N., Azibo, B. R., & Fonteh, M. F. (2024). Government and non-governmental organizations led agricultural development projects and the accumulation of social and economic capital in Mezam, Cameroon. Asian Journal of Agricultural Extension, Economics & Sociology, 42(2), 65–87. https://doi.org/10.9734/ajaees/2024/v42i22365
42. Njiei, A. F., & Asongu, N. A. (2014). Community participation in rural development: The case of the Meta people in the Northwest Region of Cameroon. The International Journal. http://www.theinternationaljournal.org
43. Nyanyoh, B. B., & Wanie, C. M. (2024). Categorization of rural development stakeholders in Bui Division, Northwest Region of Cameroon. https://doi.org/10.22161/ijreh.8.2.5
44. Fonchingong, C. C., & Fonjong, L. N. (2002). The concept of self-reliance in community development initiatives in the Cameroon grass fields. GeoJournal, 57, 83–94. https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1023/A:1026042718043.pdf
45. Cedric, Y., Christelle Nadia, N. A., Ebai, C. B., Ngoufo, F. N., Teke, G. N., & Dulafe, J. (2020). Prevalence and risk factors of geohelminths in Ntamuchie, Mezam division, Northwest Region, Cameroon. Open Journal of Public Health, 2(2), 1015.
46. Ngwa, F. G., & Wanie, C. M. (2022). Stakeholders’ contributions to rural development in Mezam Division, Cameroon. Asian Journal of Geographical Research, 5(2), 51–69. https://doi.org/10.9734/ajgr/2022/v5i2135
47. Mbangari, K. F., Fouepe, G. H. F., & Fonteh, M. F. (2019). Role of farmers organizations in agricultural development in Mezam Division, Cameroon. Journal of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, 11(8), 139–148. https://doi.org/10.5897/JAERD2018.1069
48. Awazi, N. P., Quandt, A., & Kimengsi, J. N. (2023). Endogenous livelihood assets and climate change resilience in the Mezam Highlands of Cameroon. GeoJournal, 88(3), 2491–2508. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-022-10755-9
49. Creswell, J. W. (2015). Educational research: Planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research (5th ed.). Pearson.
50. Akinsorotan, O., & Olujide, G. (2006). Community development association contributions in self-help projects in Lagos State of Nigeria. Journal of Central European Agriculture, 7(4). https://doi.org/10.5513/jcea.v7i4.402
51. Yoade, A. O., & Olatunji, S. A. (2019). The role of community-based organizations (CBOs) in poverty alleviation: Experience from Ondo, Nigeria. Ethiopian Journal of Environmental Studies & Management, 12(2).
52. Bakare, L. A., & Ogunyemi, V. O. (2022). Alternative paradigm to community development: The influence of the community-based organization on community development in Oyo State, Nigeria. Wukari International Studies Journal, 6(2), 18. https://wissjournals.com.ng/index.php/wiss/article/view/73
53. Lere, I. B. (2021). Community development associations and rural development in Plateau and Imo States in Nigeria: A case study of social capital and people empowerment.
54. Bamiwuye, O. A., & Adisa, B. O. (2015). The roles of community-based organizations in rural development activities in Osun State, Nigeria. International Journal of Developing Societies, 4(4), 122–128. https://doi.org/10.11634/216817831504757
55. Afolabi, C. O. (2021). Determinants of local group participation in rural community development activities in Southwestern Nigeria (Doctoral dissertation). http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/1420
56. Njoh, A. J. (2002). Barriers to community participation in development planning: Lessons from the Mutengene (Cameroon) self‐help water project. Community Development Journal, 37(3), 233–248. https://doi.org/10.1093/cdj/37.3.233
57. Njoh, A. (2009). Self-help, a viable non-conventional urban public service delivery strategy: Lessons from Cameroon. UN-Habitat.
58. Wahid, A., Ahmad, M. S., Talib, N. B. A., Shah, I. A., Tahir, M., Jan, F. A., & Saleem, M. Q. (2017). Barriers to empowerment: Assessment of community-led local development organizations in Pakistan. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 74, 1361–1370. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.11.163
ABSTRACT. The purpose of this study was to compare the function of community associations in building communities in the Mezam division of Cameroon in urban and rural settings. The study employed three distinct goals, which are as follows: (1) to investigate the actions done by rural and urban community associations in establishing communities (2) to determine how the public views the functions of rural and urban community groups in developing communities, and (3) to determine the difficulties that these associations encounter in these areas. Formal questionnaires and interview guides were used to gather primary data and support from secondary sources. A simple random selection process was used to pick 571 individuals in total. The objectives were examined using descriptive statistics. According to the study, community associations in urban and rural areas participated in several projects, such as building bridges ( 68.5% in the urban and 61.4% in the rural), town halls ( 51.4% in the urban and 45.3% in the rural), culverts ( 42.0% in the urban and 47.4% in the rural); supplying roads( 57.7% in the urban and 41.8% in the rural), electricity ( 33.9% in the urban and 32.6% in the rural), piped water ( 47.9% in the urban and 43.2% in the rural); creating market squares (35.3% in the urban and 61.1% in the rural); setting up school facilities ( 50% in the urban and 59.6% in the rural); clearing farmland (43.5% in the rural); and growing and harvesting crops (49.1% in the rural).This implies that community associations in the Mezam division have been working enormously towards the development of communities. To achieve better results for the benefit of these communities in the Mezam division and to promote their sustainable development, the government, civil society organizations, and stakeholders should support their joint efforts. These findings underline the vital role community associations play in sustainable development in the Mezam Division. This research contributes to the growing body of literature on community-driven development and suggests pathways for stakeholder engagement and policy interventions.
Keywords: associations, Cameroon, community, development, Mezam Division, role.
References
1. Freud, S., & Strachey, J. (2024). Group psychology and the analysis of the ego: [Illustrated & psychology glossary & index added inside]. E-Kitap Projesi & Cheapest Books.2. Ngige, G. K. (2023). Assessment of beneficiaries’ impact of Caritas Self Help Group Project: A case study of Caritas Gicharani Self Help Group, Kikuyu Kiambu County (Doctoral dissertation, University of Nairobi).
3. Njogu, J. W., Karuku, G., Busienei, J., & Gathiaka, J. K. (2024). Assessing determinants of scaling up pathways for adopted CSA Climate Smart Agricultural practices: Evidence from Climate Smart Villages in Nyando Basin, Kenya. Cogent Food & Agriculture, 10(1), 2316362. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311932.2024.2316362
4. Fouakeng, F., Njoumemi, Z., Mbacham, W. F., & III, F. A. (2022). Community-based mutual aid for improving financial access to healthcare: A case study of 150 community-based organizations in Cameroon. International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health, 9(3), 1257. https://doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20220683
5. Hattiban, L. (2019). Three months rural internship (Doctoral dissertation, Kathmandu University).
6. Udeuhele, G. I., & Offor, E. O. (2023). Community-based organizations and rural development in Nigeria. Southeast Journal of Political Science, 9(2). https://journals.npsa-se.org.ng/index.php/SEJPS/article/view/40
7. Cassanelli, L. V. (2016). The shaping of Somali society: Reconstructing the history of a pastoral people, 16–19. University of Pennsylvania Press.
8. Samuel-Mbaekwe, I. J. (2018). Colonialism and social structure. In The colonial epoch in Africa (pp. 33–47). Routledge.
9. Maisule, S. A., Bamidele, J., & Sennuga, S. O. (2023). A critical review of historical analysis of social change in Nigeria from the pre-colonial to the post-colonial period. International Journal of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences, 4(4), 73–83. https://doi.org/10.56734/ijahss.v4n4a8
10. Konings, P., & Nyamnjoh, F. B. (2004). President Paul Biya and the Anglophone problem in Cameroon. In The leadership challenge in Africa: Cameroon under Paul Biya (pp. 191–234).
11. Nkwi, W. G. (2006). The dilemma of civil society in Cameroon since 1990: Which way forward? African Journal of International Affairs, 9(1–2). https://doi.org/10.4314/ajia.v9i1-2.57246
12. Jumbam, J. (2018). Independence or nothing: Theology of self-determination and the British Southern Cameroons. Author House.
13. Bessong, E. F. (2020). Role of undemocratic leadership and governance in fueling intra-state conflicts in Africa: The case study of Cameroon (Doctoral dissertation, University of Nairobi).
14. Le Vine, V. T. (2022). Cameroon, Togo, and the states of formerly French West Africa. In Politics and government in African states (pp. 78–119). Routledge.
15. Belov, V. I. (2022). Foreign policy of the Republic of Cameroon in 1960–2021: Priorities and features.
16. Esone, N. B. (2020). Civil society organizations in Cameroon: Assessing the role of CSOs in development. Retrieved October 18, 2024, from https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1463282/FULLTEXT02
17. Ngoh, V. J. (Ed.). (2004). Cameroon: From federal to unitary state, 1961–1972. Design House.
18.Harkness, K. A. (2020). Cameroon: The military and autocratic stability. In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.1800
19. Tchawe, H. E. (2021). The democratic challenges: The ultimate fight of African civil society. Xlibris Corporation.
20. Ngangum, P. T. (2024). Internet shutdowns in semi-authoritarian regimes: The case of Cameroon. In Communication rights in Africa (pp. 165–182). Routledge.
21. Yenshu, E. (2008). Civil society and the search for development alternatives in Cameroon. African Books Collective.
22. Tamasang, C. F., Effala, C., & Tassah, I. T. (2021, April). Country report for Cameroon. In African soil protection law (pp. 53–176). Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG.
23. Enonchong, L. S. E. (2020). The constitution and governance in Cameroon (1st ed.). Routledge.
24. Djontu, G. A. (2009). Influence of NGOs, World Bank and members of Parliament on the Cameroon forestry law: A contribution to good forest governance (Doctoral dissertation, University of Freiburg).
25. Esone, N. B. (2020). Civil society organizations in Cameroon: Assessing the role of CSOs in development. Retrieved October 18, 2024, from https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1463282/FULLTEXT02
26. Ashu, S. T. N. (2016). The impacts of formal and informal institutions on a forest management project in Cameroon. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:slu:epsilon-s-6151
27. Crawford, G., Kewir, J. K., Annan, N., & Beseng, M. (2021). Shrinking civic space and the role of civil society in resolution of conflict in Anglophone Cameroon.
28. Nsah, E. S. (2021). Non-governmental organizations and poverty reduction in the Northwest and East regions of Cameroon (Doctoral dissertation, University of Cape Town). http://hdl.handle.net/11427/35986
29.Nyanchi, G. T., & Olive, N. N. (2019). Common initiative groups (CIGs) enhancement in agricultural production Oku, Cameroon. International Journal of Sustainable Development Research, 12(1), 71–78. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijsdr.20190503.12
30. Fonchingong, C. (2017). Shoring up local development initiatives: Elderly elite and conscientized empowerment in Cameroon. International Development Planning Review, 39(2), 123–142. https://doi.org/10.3828/idpr.2016.25
31. Mbah, M., & Franz, A. (2021). Revitalization and branding of rural communities in Cameroon using a circular approach for sustainable development—A proposal for the Batibo Municipality. Sustainability, 13(12), 6908. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13126908
32. Mofor, G. Z., Temgoua, N. Y., & Monyuy, F. V. (2022). Grassroots initiative dynamism and its strength for rural development in Nkum, Bui Division, Northwest Region, Cameroon. International Journal of Poverty, Investment and Development, 3(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.47672/ijpid.1081
33. Olawore, O. P. (2013). Using public procurement policy to achieve socio-economic outcomes in Nigeria. In Alleviation, income redistribution & rural development in developing countries (p. 103).
34. Thein, Z. C. W. (2019). A study on the role of community-driven development approach in rural areas (Doctoral dissertation, MERAL Portal).
35. Machozi, D. F. (2018). Community Driven Development Approach (CDDA) and educational infrastructure in Eastern Recovery Project, Irumu Territory Democratic Republic of Congo (Master’s dissertation, Kampala International University). https://ir.kiu.ac.ug/handle/20.500.12306/4369
36. Tantoh, H. B., & McKay, T. J. M. (2021). Assessing community-based water management and governance systems in North-West Cameroon using a cultural theory and systems approach. Journal of Cleaner Production, 290, 125804. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.125804
37. Annan, N., Beseng, M., Crawford, G., & Kewir, J. K. (2021). Civil society, peacebuilding from below and shrinking civic space: The case of Cameroon’s ‘Anglophone’ conflict. Conflict, Security & Development, 21(6), 697–725. https://doi.org/10.1080/14678802.2021.1997454
38. Afangah, A. J. (2021). Conditions for effective economic development planning (EDP) and implementation in Cameroon (Doctoral dissertation, Seoul National University).
39.Ayonghe, A. N. (2022). Knowledge integration in co-management: A study on the people of the Mount Cameroon National Park. https://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-952-337-307-5
40. Tumenta, B. F., Amungwa, F. A., & Nformi, M. I. (2021). Role of agricultural cooperatives in rural development in the era of liberalization in the Northwest and Southwest regions of Cameroon. Journal of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, 13(1), 69–81. https://doi.org/10.5897/JAERD2020.1211
41. Ngansah, N., Azibo, B. R., & Fonteh, M. F. (2024). Government and non-governmental organizations led agricultural development projects and the accumulation of social and economic capital in Mezam, Cameroon. Asian Journal of Agricultural Extension, Economics & Sociology, 42(2), 65–87. https://doi.org/10.9734/ajaees/2024/v42i22365
42. Njiei, A. F., & Asongu, N. A. (2014). Community participation in rural development: The case of the Meta people in the Northwest Region of Cameroon. The International Journal. http://www.theinternationaljournal.org
43. Nyanyoh, B. B., & Wanie, C. M. (2024). Categorization of rural development stakeholders in Bui Division, Northwest Region of Cameroon. https://doi.org/10.22161/ijreh.8.2.5
44. Fonchingong, C. C., & Fonjong, L. N. (2002). The concept of self-reliance in community development initiatives in the Cameroon grass fields. GeoJournal, 57, 83–94. https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1023/A:1026042718043.pdf
45. Cedric, Y., Christelle Nadia, N. A., Ebai, C. B., Ngoufo, F. N., Teke, G. N., & Dulafe, J. (2020). Prevalence and risk factors of geohelminths in Ntamuchie, Mezam division, Northwest Region, Cameroon. Open Journal of Public Health, 2(2), 1015.
46. Ngwa, F. G., & Wanie, C. M. (2022). Stakeholders’ contributions to rural development in Mezam Division, Cameroon. Asian Journal of Geographical Research, 5(2), 51–69. https://doi.org/10.9734/ajgr/2022/v5i2135
47. Mbangari, K. F., Fouepe, G. H. F., & Fonteh, M. F. (2019). Role of farmers organizations in agricultural development in Mezam Division, Cameroon. Journal of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, 11(8), 139–148. https://doi.org/10.5897/JAERD2018.1069
48. Awazi, N. P., Quandt, A., & Kimengsi, J. N. (2023). Endogenous livelihood assets and climate change resilience in the Mezam Highlands of Cameroon. GeoJournal, 88(3), 2491–2508. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-022-10755-9
49. Creswell, J. W. (2015). Educational research: Planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research (5th ed.). Pearson.
50. Akinsorotan, O., & Olujide, G. (2006). Community development association contributions in self-help projects in Lagos State of Nigeria. Journal of Central European Agriculture, 7(4). https://doi.org/10.5513/jcea.v7i4.402
51. Yoade, A. O., & Olatunji, S. A. (2019). The role of community-based organizations (CBOs) in poverty alleviation: Experience from Ondo, Nigeria. Ethiopian Journal of Environmental Studies & Management, 12(2).
52. Bakare, L. A., & Ogunyemi, V. O. (2022). Alternative paradigm to community development: The influence of the community-based organization on community development in Oyo State, Nigeria. Wukari International Studies Journal, 6(2), 18. https://wissjournals.com.ng/index.php/wiss/article/view/73
53. Lere, I. B. (2021). Community development associations and rural development in Plateau and Imo States in Nigeria: A case study of social capital and people empowerment.
54. Bamiwuye, O. A., & Adisa, B. O. (2015). The roles of community-based organizations in rural development activities in Osun State, Nigeria. International Journal of Developing Societies, 4(4), 122–128. https://doi.org/10.11634/216817831504757
55. Afolabi, C. O. (2021). Determinants of local group participation in rural community development activities in Southwestern Nigeria (Doctoral dissertation). http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/1420
56. Njoh, A. J. (2002). Barriers to community participation in development planning: Lessons from the Mutengene (Cameroon) self‐help water project. Community Development Journal, 37(3), 233–248. https://doi.org/10.1093/cdj/37.3.233
57. Njoh, A. (2009). Self-help, a viable non-conventional urban public service delivery strategy: Lessons from Cameroon. UN-Habitat.
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Neba, W. S., & Tanga, P. T. (2025). COMPARING THE ROLE OF COMMUNITY ASSOCIATIONS IN URBAN AND RURAL AREAS IN DEVELOPING COMMUNITIES IN CAMEROON'S MEZAM DIVISION. International Interdisciplinary Scientific Journal "Expert", 2(1), 5–21. https://doi.org/10.62034/2815-5300/2025-v2-i1-001
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Neba, W. S., & Tanga, P. T. (2025). COMPARING THE ROLE OF COMMUNITY ASSOCIATIONS IN URBAN AND RURAL AREAS IN DEVELOPING COMMUNITIES IN CAMEROON'S MEZAM DIVISION. International Interdisciplinary Scientific Journal "Expert", 2(1), 5–21. https://doi.org/10.62034/2815-5300/2025-v2-i1-001.
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