Archive Issue
International Interdisciplinary Scientific Journal "Expert"
Volume 2, Issue 1 (2025)
Language of the original article: English
ABSTRACT. The article analyzes the causes of the long-term decline in Ukraine’s pig herd and the rise in pork imports through the lens of organizational–managerial models and an integrated value chain (primary production, feed production, veterinary services, breeding/genetics, processing and packaging), where synchronization among links and transparent rules of interaction are pivotal. It is shown that the global pork market is highly concentrated: exports are controlled by a narrow group of countries integrated with suppliers of soybeans and corn and underpinned by intergovernmental agreements and long-term contracts that scale up feed production and industrial pig farming. The paper identifies Ukraine’s dysfunctions: the crowding out of small and medium producers and the concentration of herds in large enterprises which—under constrained supply—increases the efficiency and profitability of market leaders via higher selling prices, but simultaneously reduces pork affordability for low- and middle-income households. It is argued that for land-scarce countries the decisive factor of competitiveness is the manageability of feed flows within the “feed-to-fork” value chain and the development of logistics infrastructure (ports, grain elevators and storage facilities, transport corridors). The study reviews scholarly approaches: domestic and international literature offers divergent interpretations of competitiveness from technological optimism to the need for systemic transformation while empirical evidence (low food exports per hectare) points to structural weaknesses. Methodologically, the paper applies a systems approach, monographic analysis, and statistical grouping of 96 countries using FAO data to reveal regularities between the scale of economies, land endowment, and export outcomes. It concludes that building durable advantages on the global pork market requires long-term feed contracts, institutional alignment among chain participants, logistics development, and compliance with contemporary environmental and social requirements, which simultaneously improves domestic food accessibility.
Keywords: pork, scale of production, competitiveness, market infrastructure, foreign investment, competitiveness.
2. Hrynko, T. V., Hviniashvili, T. Z., & Hamerska, I. S. (2023). Upravlinnia konkurentospromozhnistiu silskohospodarskoi produktsii v umovakh yevropeiskoi intehratsii Ukrainy [Management of the competitiveness of agricultural products in the conditions of Ukraine’s European integration]. Ekonomika ta suspilstvo (Economy and Society), 56. Retrieved March 25, 2025, from https://economyandsociety.in.ua/index.php/journal/article/view/3012/2934 [in Ukrainian].
3. Sitkovska, A. O. (2023). Stratehichne upravlinnia konkurentospromozhnistiu ahrarnykh pidpryiemstv: Naukovo-metodychni aspekty formuvannia, implementatsii ta kontrolinhu [Strategic management of competitiveness of agrarian enterprises: Scientific and methodological aspects of formation, implementation and controlling] (Doctoral dissertation). Higher Educational Institution “Interregional Academy of Personnel Management.” [in Ukrainian].
4. Bilyk, O. V. (2010). Zabezpechennia konkurentospromozhnosti produktsii APK Ukrainy na zovnishnikh rynkakh [Providing AIC products competitiveness of Ukraine in foreign commerce] (Extended abstract of candidate’s thesis). Vinnytsia National Agrarian University. [in Ukrainian].
5. Nechyporenko, V. V. (2019). Upravlinnia konkurentospromozhnistiu na ahrarnomu rynku Ukrainy [Competitiveness management in the agricultural market of Ukraine]. Visnyk SNAU (Bulletin of SNAU), 12(78). Retrieved March 24, 2025, from https://repo.snau.edu.ua/bitstream/123456789/6912/1/Нечипоренко%20В.В.%20Управління%20конкурентоспроможністю.pdf [in Ukrainian].
6. Fedosieieva, H. S. (2019). Formuvannia konkurentnykh perevah vyrobnykiv silskohospodarskoi produktsii Ukrainy na zovnishnikh rynkakh: Teoriia, metodolohiia, praktyka [Formation of competitive advantages of Ukrainian agricultural producers in foreign markets: Theory, methodology, practice] (Doctoral dissertation). Mykolaiv National Agrarian University. [in Ukrainian].
7. Matkovski, B., Zekić, S., Đokić, D., Jurjević, Ž., & Đurić, I. (2021). Export competitiveness of agri-food sector during the EU integration process: Evidence from the Western Balkans. Foods, 11(1), Article 10. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11010010
8. Zhou, L., & Tong, G. (2022). Research on the competitiveness and influencing factors of agricultural products trade between China and the countries along the “Belt and Road.” Alexandria Engineering Journal, 61(11), 8919–8931. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2022.02.030
9. Ostashko, T. O., & Olefir, V. K. (2019). Perspektyvy vilnoi torhivli z Kytaiem: rozvytok vitchyznianoho eksportu i ryzyky importozalezhnosti [Prospects for free trade with China: Development of domestic exports and risks of import dependence]. Ekonomika i prohnozuvannia (Economy and Forecasting), (1), 128–155. https://doi.org/10.15407/eip2019.01.128 [in Ukrainian]
10. Erokhin, V., Diao, L., & Du, P. (2020). Sustainability-related implications of competitive advantages in agricultural value chains: Evidence from Central Asia–China trade and investment. Sustainability, 12(3), 1117. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12031117
11. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (2022). From globalization to regionalization. Retrieved March 24, 2025, from https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/0c7cb6df-c416-4397-b999-bf7bca819b17/content/state-of-agricultural-commodity-markets/2022/globalization-regionalization-trade.html
12. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (2022). Global and regional trade networks. Retrieved March 21, 2025, from https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/0c7cb6df-c416-4397-b999-bf7bca819b17/content/state-of-agricultural-commodity-markets/2022/food-agricultural-trade-globalization.html
13. Kalinchyk, M. V., Mohylnyi, O. M., & Lavrov, R. V. (2023). Innovatsiini rishennia dlia staloho rozvytku ahrarnoho sektora Ukrainy: poshuk alternatyvnykh stratehii [Innovative solutions for sustainable development of the agricultural sector of Ukraine: Search for alternative strategies]. Agrosvit, (18), 4–18. https://doi.org/10.32702/2306-6792.2023.18.4 [in Ukrainian].
14. SoftServe. (n.d.). Agriculture innovation with generative AI. Retrieved March 8, 2025, from https://info.softserveinc.com/hubfs/files/generative-ai/softserve-gen-ai-agriculture.pdf
15. Steinfeld, H. (1998). Livestock-environment interactions in industrial production systems. Retrieved March 6, 2025, from https://www.fao.org/4/x6130e/X6130E07.htm#ch5.1
16. Tixiliski, G. O. (2024). Chinese global agribusiness project in the Brazilian soybean commodity chain: Historical structures and current actions. Brazilian Journal of Political Economy, 44(2), 340–356. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0101-31572024-3525
17. Rezende, V. T., Ali, S., Bonaudo, T., & Gameiro, A. H. (2023). Brazilian soybeans as feed for livestock in Europe: An insight into the nitrogen flows. Regional Environmental Change, 23, Article 33. Retrieved August 27, 2025, from https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10113-023-02034-1
18. Schutte, G. R., & Campos, R. (2022). Soy, China’s food security and the Brazilian supply. Latin American Perspectives, 49(5), 68–85. https://doi.org/10.1177/0094582X221115675
19. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (2022). Executive summary. Retrieved March 21, 2025, from https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/0c7cb6df-c416-4397-b999-bf7bca819b17/content/state-of-agricultural-commodity-markets/2022/executive-summary.html
20. Isoldi, G. (2024). Brazil to achieve record corn, soybean growth by 2034. Retrieved February 27, 2025, from https://www.czapp.com/analyst-insights/brazil-to-achieve-record-corn-soybean-growth-by-2034/
21. United States Department of Agriculture. (2025). USDA agricultural projections to 2034 (Long-term projections report OCE-2025-1). Office of the Chief Economist; World Agricultural Outlook Board. Retrieved February 27, 2025, from https://ers.usda.gov/sites/default/files/_laserfiche/outlooks/110966/OCE-2025-1.pdf?v=47471
22. Adegas, F. S., Correia, N. M., Silva, A. F., Concenço, G., Gazziero, D. L. P., & Dalazen, G. (2022). Glyphosate-resistant (GR) soybean and corn in Brazil: Past, present and future. Advances in Weed Science, 40(spe1), e0202200102. https://doi.org/10.51694/AdvWeedSci/2022;40:seventy-five004
23. Wikipedia. (2025). No-till farming. Retrieved March 7, 2025, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No-till_farming
24. Cattelan, A. J., & Dall’Agnol, A. (2018). The rapid soybean growth in Brazil. OCL – Oilseeds and Fats, Crops and Lipids, 25(1), D102. https://doi.org/10.1051/ocl/2017058
25. Seixas, R. N. L., Silveira, J. M. F. J., & Ferrari, V. E. (2022). Assessing environmental impact of genetically modified seeds in Brazilian agriculture. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 10, 977793. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2022.977793
26. Mamonova, N., Wengle, S., & Dankevych, V. (2023). Queen of the fields in wartime: What can Ukrainian corn tell us about the resilience of the global food system? The Journal of Peasant Studies, 50(7), 2513–2538. https://doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2023.2255568
27. Bulyhin, S. Yu., Vitvitskyi, S. V., Bulanyi, O. V., & Tonkha, O. L. (2019). Monitorynh yakosti gruntiv [Soils quality monitoring]. Vydavnytstvo NUBiP Ukrainy. [in Ukrainian]
28. Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine. (2017). Deiaki pytannia udoskonalennia upravlinnia v sferi vykorystannia ta okhorony zemel silskohospodarskoho pryznachennia derzhavnoi vlasnosti ta rozporiadzhennia nymy [Some issues of improving management in the sphere of use, protection and disposal of state-owned agricultural lands] (Resolution No. 413 of June 7, 2017). Retrieved August 21, 2025, from https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/main/413-2017-%D0%BF#Text [in Ukrainian]
29. Hoste, R., & Benus, M. (2023). International comparison of pig production costs 2022: Results of InterPIG (Report 2023-144). Wageningen Economic Research. Retrieved August 30, 2025, from https://research.wur.nl/en/publications/international-comparison-of-pig-production-costs-2022-results-of-
30. The European Pig Producers. (2017). Pig rearing in the US: “Europe is 10 years ahead of us.” Retrieved August 30, 2025, from https://pigproducer.net/news/whats-going-on/pig-rearing-in-the-us-europe-is-10-years-ahead-of-us
31. ChinaPower Project, Center for Strategic and International Studies. (n.d.). How is China feeding its population of 1.4 billion? Retrieved August 27, 2025, from https://chinapower.csis.org/china-food-security/
32. Tortajada, C., & Zhang, H. (2022). Policies and politics: Effects on US–China soybean trade. Georgetown Journal of International Affairs. Retrieved August 27, 2025, from https://gjia.georgetown.edu/2022/10/26/policies-and-politics-effects-on-us-china-soybean-trade/
33. UkrAgroConsult. (2024). China approves first gene-edited wheat in step to open up GM tech to food crops. Retrieved March 1, 2025, from https://ukragroconsult.com/en/news/chinas-approves-first-gene-edited-wheat-in-step-to-open-up-gm-tech-to-food-crops/
34. Reidy, J. (2024). China approves GM corn, soybean varieties. Retrieved March 1, 2025, from https://www.world-grain.com/articles/19758-china-approves-gm-corn-soybean-varieties
35. Ukrainian Chamber of Commerce and Industry. (2020). High proportion of genetically modified soybeans in Ukraine. Retrieved March 1, 2025, from https://www.coa-ukraine.com/en/news/168-high-proportion-of-genetically-modified-soybeans-in-ukraine
36. Agravery. (2020). V Ukraini vyroshchuietsia do 65% HM-soi. [Up to 65% of soybeans grown in Ukraine are genetically modified.] Retrieved March 1, 2025, from https://www.agravery.com/uk/posts/show/v-ukraini-virosuetsa-do-65-gm-soi [in Ukrainian].
37. Wetzels, H. (2020). Where soya has scale – Ukraine, big ag and land concentration. Retrieved March 1, 2025, from https://www.arc2020.eu/where-soya-has-scale-ukraine-big-ag-and-land-concentration/
38. Ukraine, Verkhovna Rada. (2023). Pro derzhavne rehuliuvannia henetychno-inzhenernoi diialnosti ta derzhavnyi kontrol za rozmishchenniam na rynku henetychno modyfikovanykh orhanizmiv i produktsii [On state regulation of genetic engineering activities and state control over placing on the market of genetically modified organisms and products] (Law No. 3339-IX of August 23, 2023). Retrieved March 11, 2025, from https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/3339-20#Text [in Ukrainian].
ABSTRACT. The article analyzes the causes of the long-term decline in Ukraine’s pig herd and the rise in pork imports through the lens of organizational–managerial models and an integrated value chain (primary production, feed production, veterinary services, breeding/genetics, processing and packaging), where synchronization among links and transparent rules of interaction are pivotal. It is shown that the global pork market is highly concentrated: exports are controlled by a narrow group of countries integrated with suppliers of soybeans and corn and underpinned by intergovernmental agreements and long-term contracts that scale up feed production and industrial pig farming. The paper identifies Ukraine’s dysfunctions: the crowding out of small and medium producers and the concentration of herds in large enterprises which—under constrained supply—increases the efficiency and profitability of market leaders via higher selling prices, but simultaneously reduces pork affordability for low- and middle-income households. It is argued that for land-scarce countries the decisive factor of competitiveness is the manageability of feed flows within the “feed-to-fork” value chain and the development of logistics infrastructure (ports, grain elevators and storage facilities, transport corridors). The study reviews scholarly approaches: domestic and international literature offers divergent interpretations of competitiveness from technological optimism to the need for systemic transformation while empirical evidence (low food exports per hectare) points to structural weaknesses. Methodologically, the paper applies a systems approach, monographic analysis, and statistical grouping of 96 countries using FAO data to reveal regularities between the scale of economies, land endowment, and export outcomes. It concludes that building durable advantages on the global pork market requires long-term feed contracts, institutional alignment among chain participants, logistics development, and compliance with contemporary environmental and social requirements, which simultaneously improves domestic food accessibility.
Keywords: pork, scale of production, competitiveness, market infrastructure, foreign investment, competitiveness.
References
1. Havriushenko, H. V. (2020). Konkurentni perevahy Ukrainy na svitovykh rynkakh [Competitive advantages of Ukraine on the world markets]. Visnyk Skhidnoukrainskoho natsionalnoho universytetu imeni Volodymyra Dalia (Visnik of the Volodymyr Dahl East Ukrainian National University), 4(260), 155–161. [in Ukrainian].2. Hrynko, T. V., Hviniashvili, T. Z., & Hamerska, I. S. (2023). Upravlinnia konkurentospromozhnistiu silskohospodarskoi produktsii v umovakh yevropeiskoi intehratsii Ukrainy [Management of the competitiveness of agricultural products in the conditions of Ukraine’s European integration]. Ekonomika ta suspilstvo (Economy and Society), 56. Retrieved March 25, 2025, from https://economyandsociety.in.ua/index.php/journal/article/view/3012/2934 [in Ukrainian].
3. Sitkovska, A. O. (2023). Stratehichne upravlinnia konkurentospromozhnistiu ahrarnykh pidpryiemstv: Naukovo-metodychni aspekty formuvannia, implementatsii ta kontrolinhu [Strategic management of competitiveness of agrarian enterprises: Scientific and methodological aspects of formation, implementation and controlling] (Doctoral dissertation). Higher Educational Institution “Interregional Academy of Personnel Management.” [in Ukrainian].
4. Bilyk, O. V. (2010). Zabezpechennia konkurentospromozhnosti produktsii APK Ukrainy na zovnishnikh rynkakh [Providing AIC products competitiveness of Ukraine in foreign commerce] (Extended abstract of candidate’s thesis). Vinnytsia National Agrarian University. [in Ukrainian].
5. Nechyporenko, V. V. (2019). Upravlinnia konkurentospromozhnistiu na ahrarnomu rynku Ukrainy [Competitiveness management in the agricultural market of Ukraine]. Visnyk SNAU (Bulletin of SNAU), 12(78). Retrieved March 24, 2025, from https://repo.snau.edu.ua/bitstream/123456789/6912/1/Нечипоренко%20В.В.%20Управління%20конкурентоспроможністю.pdf [in Ukrainian].
6. Fedosieieva, H. S. (2019). Formuvannia konkurentnykh perevah vyrobnykiv silskohospodarskoi produktsii Ukrainy na zovnishnikh rynkakh: Teoriia, metodolohiia, praktyka [Formation of competitive advantages of Ukrainian agricultural producers in foreign markets: Theory, methodology, practice] (Doctoral dissertation). Mykolaiv National Agrarian University. [in Ukrainian].
7. Matkovski, B., Zekić, S., Đokić, D., Jurjević, Ž., & Đurić, I. (2021). Export competitiveness of agri-food sector during the EU integration process: Evidence from the Western Balkans. Foods, 11(1), Article 10. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11010010
8. Zhou, L., & Tong, G. (2022). Research on the competitiveness and influencing factors of agricultural products trade between China and the countries along the “Belt and Road.” Alexandria Engineering Journal, 61(11), 8919–8931. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2022.02.030
9. Ostashko, T. O., & Olefir, V. K. (2019). Perspektyvy vilnoi torhivli z Kytaiem: rozvytok vitchyznianoho eksportu i ryzyky importozalezhnosti [Prospects for free trade with China: Development of domestic exports and risks of import dependence]. Ekonomika i prohnozuvannia (Economy and Forecasting), (1), 128–155. https://doi.org/10.15407/eip2019.01.128 [in Ukrainian]
10. Erokhin, V., Diao, L., & Du, P. (2020). Sustainability-related implications of competitive advantages in agricultural value chains: Evidence from Central Asia–China trade and investment. Sustainability, 12(3), 1117. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12031117
11. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (2022). From globalization to regionalization. Retrieved March 24, 2025, from https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/0c7cb6df-c416-4397-b999-bf7bca819b17/content/state-of-agricultural-commodity-markets/2022/globalization-regionalization-trade.html
12. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (2022). Global and regional trade networks. Retrieved March 21, 2025, from https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/0c7cb6df-c416-4397-b999-bf7bca819b17/content/state-of-agricultural-commodity-markets/2022/food-agricultural-trade-globalization.html
13. Kalinchyk, M. V., Mohylnyi, O. M., & Lavrov, R. V. (2023). Innovatsiini rishennia dlia staloho rozvytku ahrarnoho sektora Ukrainy: poshuk alternatyvnykh stratehii [Innovative solutions for sustainable development of the agricultural sector of Ukraine: Search for alternative strategies]. Agrosvit, (18), 4–18. https://doi.org/10.32702/2306-6792.2023.18.4 [in Ukrainian].
14. SoftServe. (n.d.). Agriculture innovation with generative AI. Retrieved March 8, 2025, from https://info.softserveinc.com/hubfs/files/generative-ai/softserve-gen-ai-agriculture.pdf
15. Steinfeld, H. (1998). Livestock-environment interactions in industrial production systems. Retrieved March 6, 2025, from https://www.fao.org/4/x6130e/X6130E07.htm#ch5.1
16. Tixiliski, G. O. (2024). Chinese global agribusiness project in the Brazilian soybean commodity chain: Historical structures and current actions. Brazilian Journal of Political Economy, 44(2), 340–356. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0101-31572024-3525
17. Rezende, V. T., Ali, S., Bonaudo, T., & Gameiro, A. H. (2023). Brazilian soybeans as feed for livestock in Europe: An insight into the nitrogen flows. Regional Environmental Change, 23, Article 33. Retrieved August 27, 2025, from https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10113-023-02034-1
18. Schutte, G. R., & Campos, R. (2022). Soy, China’s food security and the Brazilian supply. Latin American Perspectives, 49(5), 68–85. https://doi.org/10.1177/0094582X221115675
19. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (2022). Executive summary. Retrieved March 21, 2025, from https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/0c7cb6df-c416-4397-b999-bf7bca819b17/content/state-of-agricultural-commodity-markets/2022/executive-summary.html
20. Isoldi, G. (2024). Brazil to achieve record corn, soybean growth by 2034. Retrieved February 27, 2025, from https://www.czapp.com/analyst-insights/brazil-to-achieve-record-corn-soybean-growth-by-2034/
21. United States Department of Agriculture. (2025). USDA agricultural projections to 2034 (Long-term projections report OCE-2025-1). Office of the Chief Economist; World Agricultural Outlook Board. Retrieved February 27, 2025, from https://ers.usda.gov/sites/default/files/_laserfiche/outlooks/110966/OCE-2025-1.pdf?v=47471
22. Adegas, F. S., Correia, N. M., Silva, A. F., Concenço, G., Gazziero, D. L. P., & Dalazen, G. (2022). Glyphosate-resistant (GR) soybean and corn in Brazil: Past, present and future. Advances in Weed Science, 40(spe1), e0202200102. https://doi.org/10.51694/AdvWeedSci/2022;40:seventy-five004
23. Wikipedia. (2025). No-till farming. Retrieved March 7, 2025, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No-till_farming
24. Cattelan, A. J., & Dall’Agnol, A. (2018). The rapid soybean growth in Brazil. OCL – Oilseeds and Fats, Crops and Lipids, 25(1), D102. https://doi.org/10.1051/ocl/2017058
25. Seixas, R. N. L., Silveira, J. M. F. J., & Ferrari, V. E. (2022). Assessing environmental impact of genetically modified seeds in Brazilian agriculture. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 10, 977793. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2022.977793
26. Mamonova, N., Wengle, S., & Dankevych, V. (2023). Queen of the fields in wartime: What can Ukrainian corn tell us about the resilience of the global food system? The Journal of Peasant Studies, 50(7), 2513–2538. https://doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2023.2255568
27. Bulyhin, S. Yu., Vitvitskyi, S. V., Bulanyi, O. V., & Tonkha, O. L. (2019). Monitorynh yakosti gruntiv [Soils quality monitoring]. Vydavnytstvo NUBiP Ukrainy. [in Ukrainian]
28. Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine. (2017). Deiaki pytannia udoskonalennia upravlinnia v sferi vykorystannia ta okhorony zemel silskohospodarskoho pryznachennia derzhavnoi vlasnosti ta rozporiadzhennia nymy [Some issues of improving management in the sphere of use, protection and disposal of state-owned agricultural lands] (Resolution No. 413 of June 7, 2017). Retrieved August 21, 2025, from https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/main/413-2017-%D0%BF#Text [in Ukrainian]
29. Hoste, R., & Benus, M. (2023). International comparison of pig production costs 2022: Results of InterPIG (Report 2023-144). Wageningen Economic Research. Retrieved August 30, 2025, from https://research.wur.nl/en/publications/international-comparison-of-pig-production-costs-2022-results-of-
30. The European Pig Producers. (2017). Pig rearing in the US: “Europe is 10 years ahead of us.” Retrieved August 30, 2025, from https://pigproducer.net/news/whats-going-on/pig-rearing-in-the-us-europe-is-10-years-ahead-of-us
31. ChinaPower Project, Center for Strategic and International Studies. (n.d.). How is China feeding its population of 1.4 billion? Retrieved August 27, 2025, from https://chinapower.csis.org/china-food-security/
32. Tortajada, C., & Zhang, H. (2022). Policies and politics: Effects on US–China soybean trade. Georgetown Journal of International Affairs. Retrieved August 27, 2025, from https://gjia.georgetown.edu/2022/10/26/policies-and-politics-effects-on-us-china-soybean-trade/
33. UkrAgroConsult. (2024). China approves first gene-edited wheat in step to open up GM tech to food crops. Retrieved March 1, 2025, from https://ukragroconsult.com/en/news/chinas-approves-first-gene-edited-wheat-in-step-to-open-up-gm-tech-to-food-crops/
34. Reidy, J. (2024). China approves GM corn, soybean varieties. Retrieved March 1, 2025, from https://www.world-grain.com/articles/19758-china-approves-gm-corn-soybean-varieties
35. Ukrainian Chamber of Commerce and Industry. (2020). High proportion of genetically modified soybeans in Ukraine. Retrieved March 1, 2025, from https://www.coa-ukraine.com/en/news/168-high-proportion-of-genetically-modified-soybeans-in-ukraine
36. Agravery. (2020). V Ukraini vyroshchuietsia do 65% HM-soi. [Up to 65% of soybeans grown in Ukraine are genetically modified.] Retrieved March 1, 2025, from https://www.agravery.com/uk/posts/show/v-ukraini-virosuetsa-do-65-gm-soi [in Ukrainian].
37. Wetzels, H. (2020). Where soya has scale – Ukraine, big ag and land concentration. Retrieved March 1, 2025, from https://www.arc2020.eu/where-soya-has-scale-ukraine-big-ag-and-land-concentration/
38. Ukraine, Verkhovna Rada. (2023). Pro derzhavne rehuliuvannia henetychno-inzhenernoi diialnosti ta derzhavnyi kontrol za rozmishchenniam na rynku henetychno modyfikovanykh orhanizmiv i produktsii [On state regulation of genetic engineering activities and state control over placing on the market of genetically modified organisms and products] (Law No. 3339-IX of August 23, 2023). Retrieved March 11, 2025, from https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/3339-20#Text [in Ukrainian].
© 2025 The Author(s)
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0).
Kalinchyk, M., Rebryna, A., Lavrov, R., & Dushka, V. (2025). DETERMINANTS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE WORLD PORK MARKET: EFFICIENT SCALE OF PRODUCTION AS A CONDITION FOR ACCESS TO LEADING IMPORTERS. International Interdisciplinary Scientific Journal “Expert”, 2(1), 62–73. https://doi.org/10.62034/2815-5300/2025-v2-i1-006
Citation Format APA
Kalinchyk, M., Rebryna, A., Lavrov, R., & Dushka, V. (2025). DETERMINANTS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE WORLD PORK MARKET: EFFICIENT SCALE OF PRODUCTION AS A CONDITION FOR ACCESS TO LEADING IMPORTERS. International Interdisciplinary Scientific Journal “Expert”, 2(1), 62–73. https://doi.org/10.62034/2815-5300/2025-v2-i1-006.
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